Grúa Industrial Glosario

Grúa Types

Puente grúa (Bridge Crane)

A crane with a horizontal bridge spanning two parallel runways, used for lifting and moving heavy loads inside a workshop. Capacidad normalmente 0.5T-150T (some up to 500T). Single-girder or double-girder configurations. Chinese model designations: LD (single-girder), LH (double-girder hoist trolley), QD (double-girder universal), YZ (metallurgical).

Grúa Pórtico

A crane structure supported on legs that run on rails at ground level, used outdoors at ports, shipyards, precast concrete plants, or wherever no overhead runway exists. Models: MH (electric hoist single-girder), MG (double-girder), MGH (double-trolley), RTG (rubber-tyred for container terminals), RMG (rail-mounted for container terminals).

Jib Grúa

A slewing crane with a horizontal jib (arm) supported from a vertical column, wall, or pillar. Used for localized lifting (e.g. machine-tool loading, welding workstations). Slewing range: 180° (wall-mounted) or 360° (pillar / floor-mounted). Capacidad normalmente 0.25T-10T.

Electric Hoist

A self-contained lifting unidad with motor, gearbox, drum, brake and pendant or radio control, used as the lifting element on cranes or stand-alone on a monorail. CD1 / MD1 (Chinese GB/T 6067 standard wire-rope hoists, 0.5T-30T), DHP / DHK (electric chain hoists, 0.25T-5T).

KBK Grúa (Light Rail Crane)

A modular light-duty crane system with cold-rolled steel sections, suspended from the ceiling. Used for repetitive light-load lifting in assembly lines. Capacidad 0.125T-2T. Originally developed by Demag — Chinese KBK-equivalents are widely produced in Hefei.

Smart Mechanical Parking System

An automated multi-storey car parking structure using motor-driven lifts and shuttles to stack vehicles. Categorías defined by GB/T 17907: PSH (puzzle-stack lift-slide), PCS (chain-circulation), PCX (rotary tower), PPYL (vertical-lift), PJS (plane-mobile). Chunhua supplies PSH 2-5 levels and PCX towers up to 25 levels.

Manipulator (Industrial)

A balanced articulating-arm lifting device for high-frequency, precision-placement tasks (auto assembly, glass handling, drum tipping). Typically pneumatic-balanced or electric-servo. Capacidad 50kg-300kg. Replaces hand-lift operations where load is repetitive.

Components & Eléctrico

Wheel Block

A pre-engineered crane wheel-and-housing assembly combining wheel, bearings, end-stop and motor mount. Demag, ABUS, SWF and Chinese equivalents (KEY, Henan-style) standard sizes 125/160/200/250/315/400mm. Eliminates field machining.

VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)

An inverter that controls motor speed by varying supply frequency. Standard on modern cranes for smooth start-stop, anti-sway operation, and energy savings. Common brands: Schneider Altivar (ATV320/340), Siemens Sinamics G120, Yaskawa A1000, Chint NVF600. Specify VFD on order to avoid contactor-control retrofit.

FEM Duty Class

European crane classification per FEM 1.001 / ISO 4301-1 based on load spectrum and number of working cycles. Common classes: M3 (light/intermittent), M5 (medium), M6 (heavy), M7 (very heavy continuous), M8 (continuous severe — used for steel mill ladle cranes). Higher class = heavier-spec gearbox, brakes, bearings, structural steel.

GB/T 3811

Chinese national crane design code — equivalent to ISO 8686 / FEM 1.001 framework. Defines duty groups A1-A8 (similar to FEM M1-M8), load combinations, stress factors. Chinese cranes are baseline-designed to GB/T 3811; FEM/DIN/CMAA verification is an upgrade at quote stage.

Q345B / Q235B Steel

Chinese structural steel grades per GB/T 700 / GB/T 1591. Q235B ≈ EN S235JR (yield 235 MPa). Q345B ≈ EN S355JR (yield 345 MPa). Grúa main girders normalmente Q345B for capacity ≥10T; Q235B for end carriages and walkways. Chemistry meets EN 10025-2 for CE-marked exports.

Slewing Bearing

A large-diameter rolling bearing supporting the rotating column of a jib/tower crane or RMG. Typical types: ball single-row four-point contact, ball double-row, or roller three-row. Manufacturer spec: external/internal gear, raceway hardness ≥55 HRC.

Trolley

The movable cross-runway carriage that carries the lifting hoist on a bridge or gantry crane. Open winch trolley (separate motor + drum, on double-girder) or compact electric-hoist trolley (single-girder LH/MH).

Normas & Certificación: CE, CCC, SGS. Pago: T/T, L/C. Moneda: USD. Marcas: Chunhua, WhatsApp. Modelos: QD, LH, MGH.

CE Marking

European Union conformity mark required for cranes sold inside the EU. Compliance with EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU, EMC Directive 2014/30/EU. Manufacturer issues Declaration of Conformity; for safety-critical applications a Notified Body audit is required. Chunhua Grúa Export coordinates CE marking por proyecto (typical cost USD 800-1,500).

CCC Certificación: CE, CCC, SGS. Pago: T/T, L/C. Moneda: USD. Marcas: Chunhua, WhatsApp. Modelos: QD, LH, MGH.

China Compulsory Certificación: CE, CCC, SGS. Pago: T/T, L/C. Moneda: USD. Marcas: Chunhua, WhatsApp. Modelos: QD, LH, MGH. — mandatory for some categories of electrical/electromechanical product when sold or re-exported in China. Required for some Belt-and-Road tender deliverables and certain re-export channels. Lead time 15 days, cost USD 400-800.

EAC Conformity (Russia / EAEU)

Eurasian Conformity mark required by the Eurasian Economic Union (Russia, Belarus, Kazajistán, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan). Applicable Technical Regulations: TR CU 010/2011 (machinery safety), TR CU 020/2011 (EMC). Mark required on equipment and shipping documents. Lead time 30-45 days, cost USD 1,200-2,500.

SBKTS (Russia Vehicle Safety)

Ruso Safety Type-Approval certificate — applies to mobile cranes, mounted on trucks. Not required for static workshop cranes. Issued by accredited Moscow lab.

GCC Conformity (G-Mark)

Gulf Cooperation Council certification covering EAU, Arabia Saudita, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman. Standardised technical regulations for industrial equipment. Issued by GCC-accredited testing labs. Lead time 20-30 days, cost USD 1,000-2,000.

SASO / SABER (Arabia Saudita)

Saudi Normas, Metrology and Quality Organization. SABER is the digital certification platform; Product Certificate (PC) is registered before shipment, Shipment Certificate (SC) issued at port of departure. Required for any equipment imported into KSA.

SONCAP (Nigeria)

Normas Organization of Nigeria Conformity Assessment Programme. Pre-shipment inspection by SGS / Intertek / Cotecna at China origin port; Product Certificate issued in 7-10 days, SONCAP Certificate (SC) issued at Lagos / Tin Can port. Mandatory for industrial machinery imports.

KEBS PVoC (Kenia)

Kenia Bureau of Normas Pre-export Verification of Conformity programme. Inspection at origin by SGS / Bureau Veritas. Certificate of Conformity (CoC) issued; required for customs clearance at Mombasa.

CMAA #70 (United States)

Fabricantes de Grúas Association of America Specification 70 — top running double-girder bridge crane design. Used as design verification for cranes destined to US plants. Chunhua Grúa Export supplies CMAA-verified design calculations on request (extra engineering fee).

DIN 15018

Historical German crane design standard (largely superseded by EN 13001), still widely cited in Rusia, Central Asia, and legacy plants. Defines load groups H1-H4 and stress categories. Often referenced as the design basis for cranes specified in Russian-language EAC tenders.

Envío & Incoterms

FOB (Free On Board)

Incoterm: seller delivers goods on board the vessel at named port of shipment. Buyer takes risk and cost from that point. FOB Shanghai / Ningbo / Tianjin is our default quote basis. Buyer arranges sea freight, marine insurance, destination customs.

CFR (Cost and Freight)

Incoterm: seller pays cost and sea freight to named destination port. Risk transfers when goods are on board at origin. Most popular Incoterm for African / Oriente Medio crane buyers — seller handles ocean booking; buyer handles insurance and destination clearance.

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)

CFR + minimum-value marine insurance arranged by seller. Chunhua Grúa Export upgrades to 110% CIF value cover with All Risks + War Risk clause via PICC China. Standard for European, Ruso (when port-deliverable), and tender shipments.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

Incoterm: seller delivers to named place at destination country with all import duties, taxes and customs cleared. Used for US / EU buyers under 40ft container — eliminates buyer customs hassle but adds 8-15% to project cost. Not commonly offered to LatAm (customs complexity).

Out-of-Gauge (OOG) Cargo

Cargo exceeding standard 40ft container dimensions (length 12.03m / width 2.35m / height 2.39m). Large gantry crane main beams (>12m span) ship as OOG carga suelta on flat racks. Sea freight cost ~20-40% higher than container.

L/C at Sight

Letter of Credit payable upon presentation of compliant shipping documents. Buyer's bank guarantees payment; reduces seller risk on first-time buyers. Chunhua Grúa Export accepts L/C ≥ USD 50,000 advised by major banks (Bank of China / ICBC / HSBC / Standard Chartered).

Industries

Acería Grúa

Heavy-duty (FEM M7-M8 / Class A7-A8) metallurgical cranes for billet handling, ladle pouring, coil lifting. High ambient temperature design (radiant heat shielding, brake duty up to 80% cycle). YZ / QDY models with dual-brake hoist mandatory for safety.

Container Grúa Pórtico

RTG / RMG / STS cranes for container terminal yard or quay. Capacidad 35-65T spreader. Twin-lift, twin-twenty, anti-sway controls standard on new builds. Major Chinese builders: ZPMC / Sany / Konecranes-China. Chunhua supplies smaller-scale rail-mounted yard gantries for inland container depots (ICD).

Construcción Naval Pórtico

Very-large gantry (span 60-200m, capacity 200-1,200T) for block-erection in shipyards. Twin-trolley with sub-trolley for fine positioning. Chunhua does not build the goliaths (ZPMC scale) but supplies sub-assembly cranes (50-150T) for fitting-out shops.

Central Eléctrica Grúa

Generator-bay double-girder crane for turbine / generator rotor maintenance. Typical specification: 100-150T main hoist + 20T auxiliary, micro-speed (1mm precision positioning), redundant brake. CE marking and SIL2-rated safety circuits required for nuclear plants.

Explosion-Proof Grúa

Ex d IIB T4 / Ex d IIC T6 cranes for hazardous-zone applications (petrochemical loading bays, ammunition depots, paint shops, lithium-battery plants). Schneider-Telemecanique Ex-rated motors and controls, anti-spark wheel blocks (bronze tread), copper-alloy hook. LB-series at Chunhua.